|
War on Women is an expression in United States politics used to describe certain Republican Party policies and legislation as a wide-scale effort to restrict women's rights, especially reproductive rights. Prominent Democrats such as Nancy Pelosi and Barbara Boxer, as well as feminists, have used the phrase to criticize proponents of these laws as trying to force their social views on women through legislation.〔(Houston )〕〔(''On International Women's Day NOW Calls for End to the "War on Women": Statement of NOW President Terry O'Neill'' (National Organization for Women), March 8, 2011 ), as accessed December 12, 2013 (probably press release).〕〔 The expression has been used to describe Republican policies in areas such as access to reproductive health services, particularly birth control and abortion services; the prosecution of criminal violence against women; the definition of rape for the purpose of the public funding of abortion;〔 and workplace discrimination against women. While used in other contexts, and prior to 2010,〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/tanya-melich/the-republican-war-against-women/#review )〕 it became a common expression in American political discourse after the 2010 congressional elections.〔''The Atlantic'': (The GOP's Totally Reactive Reaction to the War on Women. ) Garance Franke-Ruta, August 2013.〕 The term is often used to describe opposition to the contraceptive mandate in Obamacare and policies to defund women's health organizations that perform abortions, such as Planned Parenthood. The phrase and the concept have been criticized by Republicans and some pro-life Democrats. Republican National Committee chairman Reince Priebus described it as an over-simplified fiction advanced by Democrats and the media〔K Jensen, ''Priebus Says Gender Battle Fictional as Caterpillar War'' () in Bloomberg〕 while other Republicans contended that such rhetoric was used as a distraction from President Barack Obama and the Democrats' handling of the economy.〔()〕 In August 2012, Todd Akin's controversial comments regarding pregnancy and rape sparked renewed media focus on the concept. Republicans have tried to turn the phrase against Democrats by using it to argue hypocrisy for not critiquing sex scandals of members within their Party who have cheated, sexted, and harassed women; and for not supporting bills to combat sex-selective abortion.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Anti-abortion groups turn 'war on women' charge against Democrats )〕 == Development of the term == In 1989, radical feminist Andrea Dworkin〔(''The Nation: Seeing Eye to Eye; A Radical Feminist Who Could Dine With (Not On) Conservatives'', in ''The New York Times'', § ''Week In Review'', Apr. 17, 2005 ), as accessed May 9, 2010.〕 wrote in a book introduction about "war on women"〔Dworkin, Andrea (1989). ''Beaver Talks''. In Dworkin, Andrea (1997 (ISBN 0-7432-3626-2)). ''Life and Death: Unapologetic Writings on the Continuing War Against Women'' (New York: Free Press), p. 89.〕 and, in 1997, she collected that and other writings in ''Life and Death'', for which the subtitle was ''Unapologetic Writings on the Continuing War Against Women''.〔Dworkin, Andrea. ''Life and Death: Unapologetic Writings on the Continuing War Against Women'', ''op. cit.'', cover I.〕 Feminist Susan Faludi's 1991 book ''Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women'', argued that throughout the 1980s the media created a "backlash" against the feminist advances of the 1970s. Former Republican political consultant Tanya Melich's 1996 memoir, ''The Republican War Against Women: An Insider's Report from Behind the Lines'', describes the incorporation of the pro-life movement and opposition to the Equal Rights Amendment by Republicans as a divergence from feminist causes.〔 George W. Bush's administration met with resistance from feminists and women's rights activists throughout his Presidency. In 2004 The Feminist Press published Laura Flanders' collection of essays ''The W Effect: Bush's War On Women''. In 2006 economist Barbara Finlay's critique of the Bush administration's treatment of women was published by Zed Books under the title ''George W. Bush and the War on Women: Turning Back the Clock on Progress''. In the 2010 midterm elections, the Republican Party won the majority in the House of Representatives. On January 4, 2011, the day after Congress convened, Kaili Joy Gray of the liberal Daily Kos wrote an opinion piece titled "The Coming War on Women". In the article, she outlined many of the measures that Republicans intended to push through the House of Representatives, including personhood laws, fetal pain laws, and the effort to defund Planned Parenthood.〔 In February 2011, an AlterNet article by Sarah Seltzer and Lauren Kelley entitled "9 New laws in the GOP's War on Women" began to document state-level legislation restricting abortion access and rights. That same month, New York Representative Jerrold Nadler referred to the proposed No Taxpayer Funding for Abortion Act, one of the Congress's first actions and one that would have changed policy to allow only victims of "forcible rape" or child sex abuse to qualify for Medicaid funding for abortion, as "an entirely new front in the war on women and their families". Florida Representative and Chair of the Democratic National Committee Debbie Wasserman Schultz began using the term "War on Women" in March 2011.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「War on Women」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|